Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS)

This syndrome is similar to obstructive sleep apnea in that the size of the airway is decreased by relaxation of the oral tissues, resulting in sleep arousals and daytime drowsiness.

This syndrome is different from obstructive sleep apnea because the apneas and hypopneas (detailed below) are either very low or absent in patients with UARS.

The symptoms of UARS tend to be similar to those of obstructive sleep apnea, but less severe.

 

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a common and serious sleep disorder that causes cessation of breathing during sleep. Sleep apnea can make people wake up in the morning feeling unrefreshed and still tired, even after a full night of sleep. During the day, many sufferers experience a lack of concentration, daytime drowsiness, low energy levels, and lack of motivation.

The main types of sleep apnea are:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

In this, most common form, the airway repeatedly becomes blocked (by the collapse of the throat muscles, or by the tongue taking up space in the throat area), limiting the amount of air that reaches the lungs. When this happens, a person may make gasping sounds or snore.  The brain, being alerted to oxygen deprivation, arouses the body. This may happen a few times a night, or in severe cases, much more than that, and it is usually not remembered consciously by the person.

There are two major events that characterize obstructive sleep apnea:

• Hypopneas: Defined by abnormally shallow or slow breathing; In sleep hypopnea, the airway is only partially obstructed
• Apneas: Defined by temporary cessation of breathing; In sleep apnea, the airway becomes fully obstructed

 

Central sleep apnea

This less common form of sleep apnea, occurs when your brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing

 

Complex sleep apnea syndrome

This form occurs when someone has both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea

 

What are the warning signs of sleep apnea?

The most common symptom of sleep apnea is snoring. However, much to contrary belief, a person does not have to snore to be diagnosed with sleep apnea.

Common symptoms of sleep apnea include:

• Loud or frequent snoring
• Silent pauses in breathing
• Choking or gasping sounds
• Daytime sleepiness or fatigue
• Unrefreshing sleep
• Insomnia
• AM headaches
• Nocturia (frequent nighttime potty breaks)
• Difficulty concentrating
• Memory loss
• Decreased sexual desire
• Irritability
• Grinding
• Sleep terrors
• Sleep talking
• Restless sleep or weird positions (head back, inverted “C shape”)
• Bedwetting

 

What are the risk factors for sleep apnea?

Sleep apnea does not discriminate.  It affects all ages.

 

Risk Factors for Obstructive sleep apnea:

• Excess weight. Obesity greatly increases the risk of sleep apnea.
• Neck circumference. 17”+ for males, 16”+ for females
• Anatomy. You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids also can enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children.
• Sex. Men are 2-3 times more likely to have sleep apnea than are women. However, the risk for women increases with being overweight and after menopause.
• Age. Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults.
• Family history. Family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk.
• Use of alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers. These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea.
• Smoking. Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked, due to increased inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway.
• Nasal congestion. If you have difficulty breathing through your nose — whether from an anatomical problem, allergies, or oral breathing — you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea.

 

Risk Factors for Central sleep apnea:

• Age. Older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea.
• Sex. More common in males than females
• Heart disorders. Having a heart problem increases the risk.
• Using narcotic pain medications. Strong, long-acting pain medications increase the risk of central sleep apnea.
• Stroke. Having had a stroke increases your risk of central sleep apnea or complex sleep apnea syndrome

 

What about sleep apnea in children?

Alarmingly, the numbers of children with sleep apnea are on the rise. Unlike an adult, there are no universally accepted guidelines as to when a child’s sleep apnea is severe enough to warrant treatment. Since children rarely experience sleep apnea events, most sleep specialists consider one sleep disturbance per hour as abnormal. Let’s face it. Children are growing and developing. Not only do they need quality sleep, but they also need continuous oxygen to the brain. Many children who are diagnosed with ADD/ADHD have sleep apnea. It’s possible that the behavioral issues associated with ADD/ADHD might simply be a child who isn’t sleeping well.  As cute as we like to think it is when our young ones snore, it could be harmful. Ruling out sleep apnea is most important. After that, evaluation for myofunctional dysfunction is important.

 

What happens to untreated sleep apnea?

The body and brain need oxygen.  When there is a lack of oxygen, negative long-term consequences can be profound.  Sleep apnea is a serious medical condition and left untreated can have serious, fatal consequences.  Complications can include:

• • Stroke
  • Heart disease
  • High blood pressure
  • Pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. 
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Depression and anxiety
  • Liver problems
  • Complications with medications and surgery
  • Sleep-deprived partners.
  • Hyperactivity and behavioral issues
  • Cognitive problems
  • Growth issues

 

Who diagnoses sleep apnea?

 A sleep medicine physician can diagnose sleep apnea with a sleep study, called a polysomnogram. This evaluation monitors the heart, brain and lung activity, blood oxygen saturation levels, and limb movements.  A polysomnogram will help the doctor diagnose central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and many other different types of sleep disorders. 

Some doctors will start with a home-sleep screening test as well.  It is a great screening tool and is much more affordable for the first step, but there are limitations.  A home sleep test does not measure brain waves, sleep time, and leg movements, and can underestimate the severity of sleep apnea when compared to a lab-based sleep study.

 

Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI)

A doctor will use the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and the oxygen saturation level to indicate the severity of sleep apnea.  An AHI is the number of apneas or hypopneas recorded per hour of sleep, during the study. It is expressed as the number of events per hour.

Based on the AHI, the severity of sleep apnea can be classified:

• None / Normal: AHI is less than 5 per hour
• Mild: AHI is more than 5, but less than 15 per hour
• Moderate:  AHI is more than or equal to 15, but less than 30 per hour
• Severe: AHI is more than or equal to 30 per hour

 

Oxygen Saturation

When oxygen levels drop (desaturation) it is recorded on the polysomnogram.  A person (at sea level) should have an oxygen saturation level of 96-97%. Sleep studies monitor and record drops in oxygen saturation and this provides information for diagnosis.

 

Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI)

The RDI can be confusing because it includes apneas, hypopneas, and respiratory event-related arousals (RERA’s).  The RDI is defined as the average number of respiratory disturbances per hour. The confusion arises because there is no universal consensus on whether an AHI or an RDI should be the benchmark standard.  Insurance carriers such as Medicare create more confusion because the preferred/required index can vary by region.

The take-home message here is to make sure to complete due diligence.  Sleep apnea might be overlooked if the AHI is used rather than the RDI. Talking to an experienced sleep physician about the diagnostic criteria for obstructive sleep apnea will help clear up any confusion.

There are also resources available from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

 

How is sleep apnea managed?

• CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure):  The gold standard of care, is a device that gently blows air into the airway to keep it open during sleep.  A BiPAP (also known as a VPAP, variable positive airway pressure) machine is similar to a CPAP, but the airflow changes with inhalation and exhalation. 
• Oral appliance therapy:  The appliances reposition the lower jaw by bringing it forward, as well as the tongue, to remove obstructions
• Surgery
  • Tonsillectomy
  • Adenoidectomy
  • Nasal 
  • Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
  • Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA)
  • Somnoplasty
  • Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
• Lifestyle changes
  • Lose weight
  • Avoid alcohol, narcotic pain pills, sedatives and tranquilizers
  • Change sleep positions
  • Stop smoking

 

Why is quality sleep important?

Quality sleep plays a vital role in overall wellness.  Sleep has a multitude of benefits such as:

• Improving immune function
• Helps control body weight
• Protects mental health
• Regulates appetite
• Maintains a healthy gut microbiome
• Enhances memory
• Better good choices
• Improves concentration
• Increases productivity
• Maximizes athletic performance
• Decreases cardiac risk
• Decreases diabetes risk
• Decreases inflammation

The body needs restoring, rejuvenating, repairing sleep.  It is extremely important to seek out the root causes of poor sleep.  Too many people just accept poor sleep as a way of life. In addition, understanding how habits and lifestyle contribute to poor sleep quality (and quantity) can be an excellent way to take immediate action.  

 

How is myofunctional therapy and sleep apnea connected?

Orofacial myofunctional therapy is an important adjunctive therapy when treating obstructive sleep apnea.

Orofacial myofunctional therapy (also referred to as orofacial myology or myofunctional therapy) is an individualized program of static and dynamic strength and pattern retraining exercises of the tongue and orofacial muscles intended to correct maladaptive oral habits and help restore correct oral resting posture.  

This therapy is a low cost, low risk,  and non-invasive way to decrease the severity of sleep apnea by as much as 50%(1).  Many people with sleep apnea have incorrect oral rest posture and weak oral muscles.  By toning these muscles and learning correct oral rest posture, incredible strides can be made.

Read the Ultimate Guide to Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy

(1)Myofunctional Therapy to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systemic Review and Analysis. Camancho M., Certal V., et al. SLEEP, Volume 38, No. 5., 2015.